Criminal liability of legal entities with special emphasis on the "Spice" affair

Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se temom odgovornosti pravnih osoba za kaznena djela. Promjene u društvu i pojava sve većeg broja pravnih osoba uvjetovale su razvoj novih pravnih instituta. Tako je i u pogledu pravnih osoba kao pojavnih entiteta novijeg vremena bilo potrebno razviti sustav pravnih normi koje će regulirati njihov status, od njihova postanka i uređenja pa do njihove kaznene odgovornosti. Kroz analizu instituta i prikaz njegova povijesnog razvoja nastojimo prikazati specifičnosti navedenog instituta te dati odgovore na neka od aktualnih pitanja. U prvom i drugom poglavlju bavimo se povijesnim razvojem i teorijama odgovornosti pravnih osoba s osvrtom na načelo krivnje koje, kao što se vidi iz rada, je jedno od glavnih prepreka uvođenju kaznene odgovornosti pravnih osoba. U trećem djelu rada osvrćemo se na odgovornu osobu u pravnoj osobi, te kroz odgovornost upravo te osobe izvodimo odgovornost pravnih osoba. U četvrtom poglavlju obrađujemo kazneni postupak prema pravnim osoba kroz analizu zakona te objašnjavamo jednu od osobitosti ovog postupka a to je predstavnik pravne osobe, nastavno na to osvrćemo se na sankcije predviđene za kaznena djela počinjena od strane pravnih osoba. Na samom kraju četvrtog poglavlja bavimo se analizom europske pravne stečevine vezane za institut odgovornosti pravnih osoba za kaznena djela. U petom poglavlju nalazi se tzv. afera „Spice“ i kroz njezinu analizu naglašavaju se problemi s kojima se pravosuđe i danas nalazi. U šestom poglavlju nalazi se zaključak i konačno u sedmom popis literature i izvora rada.The topic of this thesis is liability of legal entities for criminal offences. Changes in society and the emergence of an increasing number of legal entities conditioned the development of new legal institutes. Thus, with regard to legal entities as emergent phenomenon of recent times, it was necessary to develop a system of legal norms that will regulate their status, from their uprise and organization to their criminal responsibility. Through the analysis of the institute and the presentation of its historical development, we try to show the specifics of the mentioned institute and give answers to some of the current questions. In first and second chapter we deal with the historical development and theories of liability of legal entities with reference to the principle of guilt, which, as can be seen from the paper, is one of the main obstacles involving introduction of criminal liability of legal entities. In the third part of the paper, we look at the responsible person in a legal entity, and through the responsibility of this person, we derive the responsibility of legal entities. In the fourth chapter, we deal with the criminal procedure against legal entities through the analysis of the law and explain one of the peculiarities of this procedure, which is the representative of the legal entity, next we refer to the sanctions provided for criminal offenses committed by legal entities. At the very end of the fourth chapter, we deal with the analysis of the European legal acquis related to the institution of liability of legal entities for criminal acts. In the fifth chapter there is the so-called "Spice" affair and through its analysis we talk about the problems that judiciary still faces today. In the sixth chapter there is a conclusion and finally in the seventh a list of literature and sources of the work